Glycoprotein gB, gC, gD and gE trigger potent immune responses. The majority of the antibody response to HSV infection is raised against these surface glycoproteins. HSV-1 and HSV-2 genomes each encode at least 80 different structural and non-structural polypeptides including at least 10 different viral glycoproteins of which most are embedded in the viral envelope (gB, gC, gD, gE, gG,gH, gI, gL, gM, gN). HSV-1 and HSV-2 share a similar genome structure, with 40% of sequence homologies reaching 83% homology of their protein-coding regions, explaining numerous biological similarities and antigenic cross-reactivity between the two types. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are large double-stranded DNA viruses of the Herpetoviridae family, alphaherpetovirinae sub-family. In conclusion, rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of HSV is now become a necessity, given the difficulty in making the clinical diagnosis of HSV, the growing worldwide prevalence of genital herpes and the availability of effective antiviral therapy. Type-specific serology based on glycoprotein G should be used for detecting asymptomatic individuals but widespread screening for HSV antibodies is not recommended. Alternatively, antigen detection-an immunofluorescence test or enzyme immunoassay from samples from symptomatic patients-could be employed, but HSV type determination is of importance. However, HSV PCR, with its consistently and substantially higher rate of HSV detection, could replace viral culture as the gold standard for the diagnosis of genital herpes in people with active mucocutaneous lesions, regardless of anatomic location or viral type. Although PCR has been the diagnostic standard method for HSV infections of the central nervous system, until now viral culture has been the test of choice for HSV genital infection. Since the type of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection affects prognosis and subsequent counseling, type-specific testing to distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 is always recommended.
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